We estimate Eq. (1) by replacing Dij (Bij) with three different sets of dowry and bride price paid to others (i.e., \( \overlinej>> \) and \( \overlinej>> \) , \( \overline> \) and \( \overline> \) , or the community-based dowry and bride price), and three sets of reduced-form estimation results are presented in Table 4. Each panel presents estimation results of a reduced-form regression with a different set of dowry and bride price paid to others. To be comparable with Panel A, the OLS estimation results with women who have at least one brother and one sister are presented in Appendix Table 8. The reduced-form estimation results support the main OLS estimation results shown in Table 2. That is, women enjoy higher status in the ily that tends to exchange higher dowries and when they come from a higher-dowry village, whereas a larger bride price is negatively associated with these same traits. Here, the amount of bride price paid to the wife’s sisters by their in-laws is significantly negatively associated with the wife’s autonomy. The third set, i.e., the community-based dowry and bride price, does not show any significant association with women’s status. This is likely because relatively weaker association between the community-based dowry (bride price) and the personal dowry (bride price) that the bride receives from her parents (in-laws) than other two sets. The estimates for other coefficients are not inconsistent with those shown in Table 2 and are available upon request.
Table 4 Association ranging from dowry/fiance rates (paid back because of the inside the-laws and regulations from sisters, anybody else regarding village and you can area) and you will wife’s condition in the relationship domestic (OLS)
4.step three Discussion and robustness inspections
Inside the determining the newest ladies’ position throughout the relationship family, the end result of the internet dowry (dowry minus bride-to-be speed) may matter. Keep in mind that the amount of deferred mehr is included individually out-of the web dowry while the former is not paid unless of course divorce case takes place and should not be considered property produced with the marriage. The outcomes advise that the fresh new assets introduced on ount) increase her decision-to make stamina and you will freedom. This type of confident relationships commonly shocking given that new associations away from bride-to-be rates paid during matrimony work at restrict so you’re able to that from dowry however estimations.
Maybe, an elevated many years otherwise knowledge distinction you’ll deteriorate this new wife’s updates on relationship home. And ages huge difference and additionally studies huge difference (substitution the partner’s decades and you will education) does not impact the head effects, and the coefficients of those variables aren’t extreme (Appendix Table nine, Panel B).
The fresh new estimation process was regular by the replacing dowry and you may bride-to-be speed which have websites dowry (Appendix Desk 9, Panel A beneficial)
You to definitely you’ll argue that the number of age given that matrimony is important since the effect off dowry (or bride to be rates) could well be greater following matrimony. In addition to decades as ount away from dowry (substitution female’s ages at marriage) magnifies the bottom effect of dowry for the women’s liberty but minimizes its magnitude additionally the benefits peak in ladies’ decision-making (Appendix Table 9, Panel C). This implies one a more impressive dowry escalates the wife’s independence inside brand new marital domestic just after matrimony; not, this new relationship is not rather impacted by brand new passage through of years since marriage.
No measure of gender ideology is included in the main estimation due to endogeneity issues. One you will argue that inclusion of these steps may undermine the latest organization ranging from dowry and you may women’s reputation regarding relationship family. While we cannot refute the possibility that preferences and you can ideological values in regards to the gender relationships aren’t built-in and change over the relationship lives, the fresh estimation process is constant of the including one or two strategies for young man preference: the initial variable means you to definitely in the event the wife’s ideal quantity of sons are higher than compared to daughters additionally the second equals you to definitely if the wife would like to provide higher education so you’re able to sons as opposed to to daughters. Dealing with for gender ideology will not dramatically impact the fundamental estimation overall performance (Appendix Table 9, Panel D). Surprisingly, ladies decision-making was positively for the young man dating damer tsjekkisk liking. not, it’s negatively regarding the liking to own taking advanced schooling so you can sons as compared with daughters. A potential translation is that very knowledgeable female could be against gender inequality when you look at the education and be more energized from the relationship family but favor having so much more sons than daughters. So it looks in line with certain present knowledge indicating you to definitely child preference is more common certainly one of highly experienced feminine as opposed to uneducated female in Southern area China (Das Gupta 1987; Muhuri and Preston 1991).